This graph plots the residuals versus their expected values when the distribution is normal. The residuals from the analysis should be normally distributed. In practice, for balanced or nearly balanced designs or for data with a large number of observations, moderate departures from normality do not seriously affect the results.

The normal probability plot of the residuals should roughly follow a straight line. Use this plot to look for the following:

If your data have fewer than 50 observations, the plot may display curvature in the tails even if the residuals are normally distributed. As the number of observations decreases, the probability plot may show even greater variation and nonlinearity. Even though probability plots perform worse with small data sets, histograms are worse. Use the normal probability plot and goodness-of-fit tests to assess the normality of residuals in small data sets.

For the insulation data, the residuals appear to follow a straight line. No evidence of nonnormality, skewness, outliers, or unidentified variables exists.